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An intelligence quotient or IQ is a score derived from a set of standardized
tests of intelligence. Intelligence tests come in many forms, and some tests use
a single type of item or question. Most tests yield both an overall score and
individual subtest scores. Regardless of design, all IQ tests attempt to measure
the same general intelligence.Component tests are generally designed and
selected because they are found to be predictive of later intellectual
development, such as educational achievement. IQ also correlates with job
performance, socioeconomic advancement, and "social pathologies". Recent work
has demonstrated links between IQ and health, longevity, and functional
literacy. However, IQ tests do not measure all meanings of "intelligence",
such as wisdom. IQ scores are relative (like placement in a race), not absolute
(like the measurement of a ruler).
For people living in the prevailing conditions of the developed world, IQ is
highly heritable, and by adulthood the influence of family environment on IQ is
undetectable. That is, significant variation in IQ between adults can be
attributed to genetic variation, with the remaining variation attributable to
environmental sources that are not shared within families. In the United States,
marked variation in IQ occurs within families, with siblings differing on
average by almost one standard deviation.
The average IQ scores for many populations were rising during the 20th century:
a phenomenon called the Flynn effect. It is not known whether these changes in
scores reflect real changes in intellectual abilities. On average, IQ scores are
stable over a person's lifetime, but some individuals undergo large changes. For
example, scores can be affected by the presence of learning disabilities.
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